Development of high-SPF sunscreen cream formulation using green tea (Camellia sinensis L.) extract obtained via combined Pulsed Electric Field and Microwave–Ultrasound Assisted Extraction (PEF-MUAE)

Yulianti, Eny ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4182-7720, Warsito, Warsito ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8962-819X, Sabarudin, Akhmad ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3096-5087, Muchtaromah, Bayyinatul ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9968-8295, Wahyuningtyas, Titian Ajeng ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1684-0835 and Velya, Okky Vara ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1891-4153 (2025) Development of high-SPF sunscreen cream formulation using green tea (Camellia sinensis L.) extract obtained via combined Pulsed Electric Field and Microwave–Ultrasound Assisted Extraction (PEF-MUAE). The Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry Research, 14 (2). pp. 67-79. ISSN 2541 – 0733

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Abstract

The tea plant (Camellia sinensis L.) is valued for its antioxidant-rich secondary metabolites. Virgin coconut oil (VCO) acts as a natural emollient with mild UV protection, while titanium dioxide (TiO₂) serves as a physical UV filter. This study aimed to develop a high-SPF, eco-friendly sunscreen cream combining these ingredients. A novel pulsed electric field and microwave–ultrasound assisted extraction (PEF-MUAE) method using distilled water was applied to extract bioactive compounds from green tea. This method significantly improved the extraction yield (41.06 ± 0.72%) compared with conventional maceration (23.54 ± 0.69%) and produced a higher SPF at 5000 ppm (46.28 ± 0.52 vs. 21.37 ± 0.73). Four cream formulations were tested: F0 (base), F1 (TiO₂), F2 (green tea), and F3 (green tea + TiO₂). Organoleptically, F0 and F1 appeared ivory colored with a beeswax scent, whereas F2 and F3 were brownish with a herbal aroma. F3 had the firmest texture, due to TiO₂, and showed the best physical stability. SPF values ranged from negligible in F0 to 42.16 ± 0.79 in F3. F3 also showed the highest antioxidant activity (LC₅₀ = 1.85 ± 0.09 ppm) and phenolic content (36.88 ± 1.20 mg GAE/g). In conclusion, PEF-MUAE enhanced extraction efficiency and bioactivity, and the formulation of green tea, VCO, and TiO₂ produced a stable, high-performance natural sunscreen

Item Type:	Journal Article
Keywords:	Camellia sinensis; green-tea; sunscreen; virgin-coconut-oil
Subjects:	03 CHEMICAL SCIENCES > 0306 Physical Chemistry (incl. Structural) > 030603 Colloid and Surface Chemistry 03 CHEMICAL SCIENCES > 0399 Other Chemical Sciences
Divisions:	Faculty of Mathematics and Sciences > Department of Chemistry
Depositing User:	Eny Yulianti
Date Deposited:	11 Sep 2025 14:41

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