Reframing the Prophet’s interactions with non muslims: A context-sensitive model of religious moderation from the Sīrah Nabawiyyah

Nasrulloh, Muhammad, Ermawan, Mohamad Zakky Ubaid, Anam, Khoirul and Toriquddin, Moh (2025) Reframing the Prophet’s interactions with non muslims: A context-sensitive model of religious moderation from the Sīrah Nabawiyyah. Harmoni. ISSN ISSN : 1412-663X; e-ISSN: 2502-8472

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Abstract

This study examines the Prophet Muhammad’s interactions with non Muslims in the Sīrah Nabawiyyah to construct a context-sensitive model of religious moderation applicable to contemporary plural societies. Existing research often highlights his tolerance but rarely provides a systematic classification of his interactions across diverse social and political settings, leaving a gap in developing an operational framework for religious moderation. This study employs qualitative library research using primary hadith data supported by classical and contemporary exegetical and historical sources. The data were analyzed through descriptive, comparative, and contextual interpretation to map patterns of interaction in Mecca and Medina. The findings show, first, that Muhammad’s moderation was shaped by context: defensive in Mecca under persecution and protective in Medina as a political leader. Second, his interactions with non Muslims fall into distinct categories—adversaries, allies, captives, and family members—each demonstrating different ethical responses ranging from firmness toward hostile groups to justice and compassion toward peaceful communities. Third, five dimensions of moderation emerge: protection in social authority, justice in law enforcement, synergy in socio-economic relations, empathy in social and environmental engagement, and freedom in religious practice. These findings offer an empirically grounded framework for strengthening interfaith harmony, informing policy, and enhancing religious education. The study concludes that moderation in Islam is dynamic and adaptable, providing practical guidance for managing diversity in modern societies.

Item Type:	Journal Article
Keywords:	prophet muhammad, religious moderation, tolerance, social harmony, plural society
Subjects:	22 PHILOSOPHY AND RELIGIOUS STUDIES > 2204 Religion and Religious Studies > 220403 Islamic Studies 22 PHILOSOPHY AND RELIGIOUS STUDIES > 2204 Religion and Religious Studies > 220405 Religion and Society
Divisions:	Faculty of Sharia and Law > Department of Al-Quran and Tafseer studies
Depositing User:	Unnamed user with email anam@syariah.uin-malang.ac.id
Date Deposited:	15 Jul 2026 09:08

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