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Putra, Galih S. 
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4192-3621, Sulistyowaty, Melanny I. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9510-6822, Yahmin, Yahmin, Sumari, Sumari ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1788-2113, Retnosari, Rini ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7815-768X, Marfu'ah, Siti, Anwari, Farida ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3796-0932, Suhud, Farida ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3878-2154, Kesuma, Dini ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6612-372X, Ma'arif, Burhan ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9182-343X, Mardianto, Rudy, Sukkaew, Adulsman ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5087-0157 and Yamauchi, Takayasu ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1948-9726
(2025)
In silico and in vitro antimalarial activity evaluation of eugenol’s transformation products against Plasmodium falciparum strain 3D7 using the Trager and Jensen method.
Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmacognosy Research, 13 (S1).
S347-S370.
ISSN 0719-4250
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Abstract
Context: Endemic malaria occurs in tropical areas with high morbidity and mortality. First-line therapy using chloroquine and artemisinin-based combination therapy has reported resistance; therefore, new drugs need to be developed. Eugenol, a clove-derived phenolic compound, was selected due to its modifiable hydroxyl group and prior evidence of antimalarial potential. Aims: To develop an antimalarial drug candidate derived from eugenol transformation. Methods: Eugenol was transformed via the Mannich reaction using formaldehyde and aniline to form iminium salts, followed by reaction with eugenol. Product screening via GC-MS was conducted after refluxing for 4, 6, and 10 hours. Purification used column chromatography (silica gel 60; n-hexane:ethyl acetate = 10:1). Compound structures were confirmed by FTIR, 1H-NMR, and UV/Vis. ADMET screening was performed using pkCSM. Molecular docking and dynamics were conducted against plasmepsin II (PDB: 1LEE). In vitro antimalarial activity was tested using the Trager and Jensen method. Results: The study showed that compounds derived from eugenol transformation had potential as an antimalarial agent, surpassing the efficacy of the native ligand and chloroquine. Additionally, achieving good results in terms of ADMET screening. IC50 of the products was <10 µM, which is categorized as good activity, especially compounds 5 (6,6'-((phenylazanediyl)bis(methylene))bis(4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol) and compound 2 (1,3,5-triphenyl-1,3,5-triazinane). Both compounds showed IC50 <1 µM, which is categorized as excellent activity. Conclusions: The transformation products of eugenol can be further developed as potential antimalarial agents. Compound 5 exhibited unprecedented IC50 values (<0.02 µM), though its pharmacokinetic limitations warrant further optimization. Further research is focused on cytotoxic assays.
| Item Type: | Journal Article |
|---|---|
| Keywords: | antimalarial; eugenol; in silico; plasmodium falciparum |
| Subjects: | 11 MEDICAL AND HEALTH SCIENCES > 1115 Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences > 111501 Basic Pharmacology 11 MEDICAL AND HEALTH SCIENCES > 1115 Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences > 111504 Pharmaceutical Sciences 11 MEDICAL AND HEALTH SCIENCES > 1108 Medical Microbiology |
| Divisions: | Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences > Department of Pharmacy |
| Depositing User: | Burhan Ma'arif |
| Date Deposited: | 08 Oct 2026 08:47 |
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