Improving spatial thinking skills through problem-based hybrid learning in social science education for Islamic students

Dewi, Sari, Amin, Saiful ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5408-2898, Sumarmi, Sumarmi ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3102-0376, Bashith, Abdul ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4678-3891, Angriani, Parida, Benardi, Andi Irwan and Kurniawan, Muchammad Akbar (2025) Improving spatial thinking skills through problem-based hybrid learning in social science education for Islamic students. Jambura Geo Educational Journal, 6 (2). pp. 191-205. ISSN 2721-7000

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Abstract

Social science educators in training need strong spatial thinking skills to master geographical concepts, yet evidence shows that undergraduates in Social Science Education often have suboptimal abilities. This study examines the impact of the Problem-Based Hybrid Learning (PBHL) model on spatial reasoning skills of future social science educators. Using a quasi-experimental design, the research compared control and experimental groups through pre-test and post-test evaluations. Participants were Physical Geography students at the Social Sciences Education Department, Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang, Indonesia, focusing on Environment and Its Conservation during the 2020/2021 academic year. Purposive sampling selected the experimental class (29 students in class D) receiving PBHL and the control class (29 students in class B) taught with conventional methods. Spatial thinking skills were measured with essay tests of ten items covering comprehension, representation, analysis, spatial interaction, and application. Data were tested for normality and homogeneity, followed by an independent samples t-test. Results showed that PBHL significantly improved students’ spatial thinking skills (p = 0.003 < α = 0.05). The experimental group achieved a higher average N-Gain (17.95) than the control group (12.62), with the greatest improvement in representation. The findings indicate that analysis and evaluation stages in PBHL are essential for success. Hybrid platforms provide opportunities for reflection, problem-solving, and information exchange. Future research should expand by testing more variables, replicating the model in other institutions, refining learning tools, enhancing lecturers’ roles as facilitators, and documenting student activities in PBHL implementation.

Item Type:	Journal Article
Keywords:	Hybrid Learning; Problem-based Hybrid Learning; Problem-based Learning; Spatial Thinking Skills
Subjects:	13 EDUCATION > 1302 Curriculum and Pedagogy > 130205 Humanities and Social Sciences Curriculum and Pedagogy (excl. Economics, Business and Management)
Divisions:	Faculty of Tarbiyah and Teaching Training > Department of Social Science Education
Depositing User:	Bashith Abdul
Date Deposited:	21 Oct 2025 13:22

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